The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock
T. S. Eliot
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S`io credesse che mia risposta fosse A persona che mai tornasse al mondo, Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse. Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo Non torno vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero, Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo. Let us go then, you and I, |
Making Meanings
The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock
1. What words would you use to describe Prufrock’s emotional difficulty in
the poem?
2. What hints does the name “J. Alfred Prufrock” give us about the character
of the “hero”?
3. How could the famous simile in lines 2–3 reveal that the speaker’s mind
or will is paralyzed?
4. What is the speaker inviting someone to do in lines 1–12? What is suggested
by the images of the place they are going to travel through?
5. What does the name Michelangelo contribute in lines 13–14? What would be
the effect if, for instance, the women were “talking of Joe DiMaggio” or
“discussing detergents”?
6. In lines 15–25, we have one of the most famous extended metaphors in modern
poetry. What is being indirectly compared to what? How many details extend the
metaphor?
7. The self-consciousness of the speaker is nowhere more evident than in lines
37–44. What do you think he is self-conscious and worried about in these
lines?
8. What does line 51 imply about the way Prufrock has lived? What other
measuring devices would suggest a different kind of life?
9. What references to women does Prufrock make in the poem? How do you think he
feels about women and his attractiveness to them?
10. How are the setting and people described in lines 70–72 different from
those familiar to Prufrock? What might this experience with another segment of
city life tell us about Prufrock?
11. In lines 73–74, the speaker creates a metaphor to pointedly dramatize his
alienation from the rest of the world. Can you explain why Prufrock thinks he
should have been a clawed creature on the floor of the sea?
12. Lines 87–98 echo the widely heard complaint that a “lack of
communication” between people is the cause of misunderstanding. What do you
think Prufrock would like to tell people?
13. In lines 99–104, Prufrock considers summarizing his life to another person
and reaches a point of exasperation that seems close to surrender: “It is
impossible to say just what I mean!” Why does Prufrock find it so difficult to
express himself to others?
14. In Sextet (see Connections), John Malcolm Brinnin says that at a poetry
reading in 1950, Eliot asked him whether it would be all right to read “Prufrock.”
“‘I want to make a good appearance,’” Eliot said. Do you think Eliot’s
concern was Prufrockian, or would appearances not have troubled Prufrock? Cite
evidence from the poem to back up your interpretation.
15. Identify the brilliant visual metaphor in line 105. How does it relate to
the rest of the poem? How does the speaker think people will respond to his
“exposure”?
16. Read lines 120–125 closely. Explain how the speaker sees his role in life.
Do you think he has overcome his doubts?
17. How would you characterize someone who worries about the part in his hair
and about what he should dare to eat (line 122)?
18. In lines 125–128, the speaker thinks that the mermaids are indifferent to
him, yet he is held by this romantic vision. Why do you think he is so
fascinated by these mythological creatures, and what might they represent for
him? Why does he believe they will not sing to him?
19. By means of paraphrase, can you restate the meaning of lines 129–131? When
“human voices wake us,” what do we “drown” in?
20. Think about this poem as a journey, a quest that begins with an invitation
to join the man who makes it. What do you think the journey has finally led us
to? Or do you think that the point of the poem is not so much an answer arrived
at as an experience lived? Explain.
21. Review the notes you made in your second reading, about how Prufrock’s
thoughts reflect the times he lived in. Explain why this poem—one of the most
famous poems of the twentieth century—has been described as a reflection of
spiritual emptiness and emotional paralysis. Do you think its depiction of life
in Eliot’s day or our own is accurate? Why or why not?
22. Why do you think Eliot called this a “love song”? How is it different
from the usual love song? If you were titling it, would you keep “love song”
or use some other phrase?
Choices
1. Collecting Ideas for an Analysis of Causes and Effects
What is the matter with J. Alfred Prufrock? Join the critics who have been debating this question for years. Write down thoughts of your own about the possible causes of Prufrock's isolation and his difficulty acting on or committing himself to anything. You could collect your ideas in a cluster diagram or other graphic organizer. Be sure to cite lines from the poem that support your interpretation.
2. Soul Searching
Write a short essay in which you compare "the explorer" in Gwendolyn Brooks's poem (page 643) with Prufrock. Consider how the explorer's search differs from Prufrock's the fears each of them has, and the discoveries they each make. What does each poem have to say about the difficulty of making choices in today's world?
3. Triumph or Tragedy?
Ezra Pound made the following comments about "Profrock" in a personal letter to Harriet Monroe, the editor of Poetry magazine. Pound defends the ending of Eliot's poem against Monroe's objection that it goes "off at the end" (that it lacks a strong, triumphant resolution). I a brief essay respond to Pound comments:
Now as to Eliot: "Mr. Prufrock" does not "go off at the end." It is a portrait of failure, or of a character which fails, and it would be false art to make it end on a note of triumph. I dislike the paragraph about Hamlet, but it is an early and cherished bit and T.E. won't give it up, and as it is the only portion of the poem that most readers will like at first reading, I don't see that it will do much harm..." - Ezra Pound
4. Prufrock in Cartoons
Draw a cartoon based on a line or two from the poem. You will probably get the best results if you focus on a figure of speech.
5. "Let Us Go Then..."
Write a dramatic monologue spoken by someone who wants to invite another person to do something. Let your monologue reflect the random process of the speaker's thoughts. Try to find images that suggest your speaker's feeling and state of mind. Open with Eliot's words: "Let us go, then, you and I."
6. A Modern Trio
Is J. Alfred Prufrock like Walter Mitty in James Thurber's story (page 625)? Is he like Miniver Cheevy in Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem (page 646)? In a brief essay, compare these three characters. In what ways are they different? In what ways are they all types of the modern antihero?
7. Talking it Through
Write a dialogue between Prufrock and another person. Include references to topics in the poem that concern Prufrock. You might even imagine the conversation as being with Ralph Waldo Emerson (page 216), with references to Emerson's advice in the essay "Self-Reliance" (page 224).