The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock
T. S. Eliot












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135
S`io credesse che mia risposta fosse 
A persona che mai tornasse al mondo, 
Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse. 
Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo 
Non torno vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero, 
Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo. 

Let us go then, you and I, 
When the evening is spread out against the sky 
Like a patient etherized upon a table; 
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, 
The muttering retreats 
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels 
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells 
Streets that follow like a tedious argument 
Of insidious intent 
To lead you to an overwhelming question... 
Oh, do not ask, `` What is it? '' 
Let us go and make our visit. 

In the room the women come and go 
Talking of Michelangelo. 

The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes 
The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes 
Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening. 
Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains. 
Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys. 
Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap, 
And seeing that it was a soft October night, 
Curled once about the house, and fell asleep. 

And indeed there will be time 
For the yellow smoke that slides along the street, 
Rubbing its back upon the window-panes; 
There will be time, there will be time 
To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet; 
There will be time to murder and create, 
And time for all the works and days of hands 
That lift and drop a question on your plate; 
Time for you and time for me. 
And time yet for a hundred indecisions, 
And for a hundred visions and revisions, 
Before the taking of a toast and tea. 

In the room the women come and go 
Talking of Michelangelo. 

And indeed there will be time 
To wonder, ``Do I dare?'' and, ``Do I dare?'' 
Time to turn back and descend the stair, 
With a bald spot in the middle of my hair-- 
[They will say: ``How his hair is growing thin!''] 
My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin, 
My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin-- 
[They will say: ``But how his arms and legs are thin!''] 
Do I dare 
Disturb the universe? 
In a minute there is time 
For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse. 

For I have known them all already, known them all: 
Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons, 
I have measured out my life with coffee spoons; 
I know the voices dying with a dying fall 
Beneath the music from a farther room. 
So how should I presume? 

And I have known the eyes already, known them all-- 
The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, 
And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, 
When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, 
Then how should I begin 
To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways? 
And how should I presume? 

And I have known the arms already, known them all-- 
Arms that are braceleted and white and bare 
[But in the lamplight, downed with light brown hair!] 
Is it perfume from a dress 
That makes me so digress? 
Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl. 
And should I then presume? 
And how should I begin? 
. . . . . 
Shall I say, I have gone at dusk through narrow streets 
And watched the smoke that rises from the pipes 
Of lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows? . . . 

I should have been a pair of ragged claws 
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas. 
. . . . . 
And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so peacefully! 
Smoothed by long fingers, 
Asleep. . . tired . . . or it malingers, 
Stretched on the floor, here beside you and me. 
Should I, after tea and cakes and ices, 
Have the strength to force the moment to its crisis? 
But though I have wept and fasted, wept and prayed, 
Though I have seen my head [grown slightly bald] brought in upon a platter, 
I am no prophet--and here's no great matter; 
I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker, 
And I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coat, and snicker, 
And in short, I was afraid. 

And would it have been worth it, after all, 
After the cups, the marmalade, the tea, 
Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me, 
Woud it have been worth while, 
To have bitten off the matter with a smile, 
To have squeezed the universe into a ball 
To roll it toward some overwhelming question, 
To say: `` I am Lazarus, come from the dead, 
Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all''-- 
If one, settling a pillow by her head, 
Should say: ``That is not what I meant at all. 
That is not it, at all.'' 

And would it have been worth it, after all, 
Would it have been worth while, 
After the sunsets and the dooryards and the sprinkled streets, 
After the novels, after the teacups, after the skirts that trail along the floor-- 
And this, and so much more?-- 
It is impossible to say just what I mean! 
But as if a magic lantern threw the nerves in patterns on a screen: 
Would it have been worth while 
If one, settling a pillow, or throwing off a shawl, 
And turning toward the window, should say: 
``That is not it at all, 
That is not what I meant, at all.'' 
. . . . . 
No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be; 
Am an attendant lord, one that will do 
To swell a progress, start a scene or two, 
Advise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool, 
Deferential, glad to be of use, 
Politic, cautious, and meticulous; 
Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse; 
At times, indeed, almost ridiculous-- 
Almost, at times, the Fool. 

I grow old . . . I grow old . . . 
I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. 

Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach? 
I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. 
I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. 


I do not think that they will sing to me. 

I have seen them riding seaward on the waves 
Combing the white hair of the waves blown back 
When the wind blows the water white and black. 

We have lingered in the chambers of the sea 
By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown 
Till human voices wake us, and we drown.

 


Making Meanings
The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock

1. What words would you use to describe Prufrock’s emotional difficulty in the poem? 
2. What hints does the name “J. Alfred Prufrock” give us about the character of the “hero”? 
3. How could the famous simile in lines 2–3 reveal that the speaker’s mind or will is paralyzed? 
4. What is the speaker inviting someone to do in lines 1–12? What is suggested by the images of the place they are going to travel through? 
5. What does the name Michelangelo contribute in lines 13–14? What would be the effect if, for instance, the women were “talking of Joe DiMaggio” or “discussing detergents”? 
6. In lines 15–25, we have one of the most famous extended metaphors in modern poetry. What is being indirectly compared to what? How many details extend the metaphor? 
7. The self-consciousness of the speaker is nowhere more evident than in lines 37–44. What do you think he is self-conscious and worried about in these lines? 
8. What does line 51 imply about the way Prufrock has lived? What other measuring devices would suggest a different kind of life? 
9. What references to women does Prufrock make in the poem? How do you think he feels about women and his attractiveness to them? 
10. How are the setting and people described in lines 70–72 different from those familiar to Prufrock? What might this experience with another segment of city life tell us about Prufrock? 
11. In lines 73–74, the speaker creates a metaphor to pointedly dramatize his alienation from the rest of the world. Can you explain why Prufrock thinks he should have been a clawed creature on the floor of the sea? 
12. Lines 87–98 echo the widely heard complaint that a “lack of communication” between people is the cause of misunderstanding. What do you think Prufrock would like to tell people? 
13. In lines 99–104, Prufrock considers summarizing his life to another person and reaches a point of exasperation that seems close to surrender: “It is impossible to say just what I mean!” Why does Prufrock find it so difficult to express himself to others? 
14. In Sextet (see Connections), John Malcolm Brinnin says that at a poetry reading in 1950, Eliot asked him whether it would be all right to read “Prufrock.” “‘I want to make a good appearance,’” Eliot said. Do you think Eliot’s concern was Prufrockian, or would appearances not have troubled Prufrock? Cite evidence from the poem to back up your interpretation. 
15. Identify the brilliant visual metaphor in line 105. How does it relate to the rest of the poem? How does the speaker think people will respond to his “exposure”? 
16. Read lines 120–125 closely. Explain how the speaker sees his role in life. Do you think he has overcome his doubts? 
17. How would you characterize someone who worries about the part in his hair and about what he should dare to eat (line 122)? 
18. In lines 125–128, the speaker thinks that the mermaids are indifferent to him, yet he is held by this romantic vision. Why do you think he is so fascinated by these mythological creatures, and what might they represent for him? Why does he believe they will not sing to him? 
19. By means of paraphrase, can you restate the meaning of lines 129–131? When “human voices wake us,” what do we “drown” in? 
20. Think about this poem as a journey, a quest that begins with an invitation to join the man who makes it. What do you think the journey has finally led us to? Or do you think that the point of the poem is not so much an answer arrived at as an experience lived? Explain. 
21. Review the notes you made in your second reading, about how Prufrock’s thoughts reflect the times he lived in. Explain why this poem—one of the most famous poems of the twentieth century—has been described as a reflection of spiritual emptiness and emotional paralysis. Do you think its depiction of life in Eliot’s day or our own is accurate? Why or why not? 
22. Why do you think Eliot called this a “love song”? How is it different from the usual love song? If you were titling it, would you keep “love song” or use some other phrase?


Choices

1. Collecting Ideas for an Analysis of Causes and Effects

What is the matter with J. Alfred Prufrock? Join the critics who have been debating this question for years. Write down thoughts of your own about the possible causes of Prufrock's isolation and his difficulty acting on or committing himself to anything. You could collect your ideas in a cluster diagram or other graphic organizer. Be sure to cite lines from the poem that support your interpretation.

2. Soul Searching

Write a short essay in which you compare "the explorer" in Gwendolyn Brooks's poem (page 643) with Prufrock. Consider how the explorer's search differs from Prufrock's the fears each of them has, and the discoveries they each make. What does each poem have to say about the difficulty of making choices in today's world?

3. Triumph or Tragedy?

Ezra Pound made the following comments about "Profrock" in a personal letter to Harriet Monroe, the editor of Poetry magazine. Pound defends the ending of Eliot's poem against Monroe's objection that it goes "off at the end" (that it lacks a strong, triumphant resolution). I a brief essay respond to Pound comments:

        Now as to Eliot: "Mr. Prufrock" does not "go off at the end." It is a portrait of failure, or of a character which fails, and it would be false art to make it end on a note of triumph. I dislike the paragraph about Hamlet, but it is an early and cherished bit and T.E. won't give it up, and as it is the only portion of the poem that most readers will like at first reading, I don't see that it will do much harm..." - Ezra Pound

4. Prufrock in Cartoons

Draw a cartoon based on a line or two from the poem. You will probably get the best results if you focus on a figure of speech.

5. "Let Us Go Then..."

Write a dramatic monologue spoken by someone who wants to invite another person to do something. Let your monologue reflect the random process of the speaker's thoughts. Try to find images that suggest your speaker's feeling and state of mind. Open with Eliot's words: "Let us go, then, you and I."

6. A Modern Trio

Is J. Alfred Prufrock like Walter Mitty in James Thurber's story (page 625)? Is he like Miniver Cheevy in Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem (page 646)? In a brief essay, compare these three characters. In what ways are they different? In what ways are they all types of the modern antihero?

7. Talking it Through

Write a dialogue between Prufrock and another person. Include references to topics in the poem that concern Prufrock. You might even imagine the conversation as being with Ralph Waldo Emerson (page 216), with references to Emerson's advice in the essay "Self-Reliance" (page 224).


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